National Instruments Network Card NI 781xR User Manual

Reconfigurable I/O  
NI 781xR User Manual  
Reconfigurable I/O Devices for PCI and PXI/CompactPCI Bus Computers  
NI 781xR User Manual  
June 2006  
371089D-01  
 
 
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The NI 781xR is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment, as evidenced by receipts  
or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace equipment that proves to be defective during the warranty period.  
This warranty includes parts and labor.  
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during the warranty period. National Instruments does not warrant that the operation of the software shall be uninterrupted or error free.  
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warranty.  
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About This Manual  
Conventions ...................................................................................................................vii  
Chapter 1  
Software Development ..................................................................................................1-5  
LabVIEW FPGA Module................................................................................1-5  
Cables and Optional Equipment ....................................................................................1-7  
Chapter 2  
Digital I/O......................................................................................................................2-2  
Connecting Digital I/O Signals......................................................................................2-2  
PXI Local Bus................................................................................................................2-5  
Switch Settings ..............................................................................................................2-6  
Power Connections ........................................................................................................2-9  
Appendix A  
Specifications  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Contents  
Appendix B  
Connecting I/O Signals  
Appendix C  
Appendix D  
Technical Support and Professional Services  
Glossary  
NI 781xR User Manual  
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About This Manual  
This manual describes the electrical and mechanical aspects of the  
National Instruments 781xR devices, and contains information about  
programming and using the devices.  
Conventions  
The following conventions appear in this manual:  
<>  
Angle brackets that contain numbers separated by an ellipsis represent a  
range of values associated with a bit or signal name—for example,  
AO <3..0>.  
»
The » symbol leads you through nested menu items and dialog box options  
to a final action. The sequence File»Page Setup»Options directs you to  
pull down the File menu, select the Page Setup item, and select Options  
from the last dialog box.  
This icon denotes a note, which alerts you to important information.  
This icon denotes a caution, which advises you of precautions to take to  
avoid injury, data loss, or a system crash. When this symbol is marked on  
the device, refer to the Safety Information section of Chapter 1,  
Introduction, for precautions to take.  
bold  
Bold text denotes items that you must select or click in the software, such  
as menu items and dialog box options. Bold text also denotes parameter  
names and hardware labels.  
italic  
Italic text denotes variables, emphasis, a cross-reference, or an introduction  
to a key concept. Italic text also denotes text that is a placeholder for a word  
or value that you must supply.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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About This Manual  
monospace  
Text in this font denotes text or characters that you should enter from the  
keyboard, sections of code, programming examples, and syntax examples.  
This font is also used for the proper names of disk drives, paths, directories,  
programs, subprograms, subroutines, device names, functions, operations,  
variables, filenames, and extensions.  
NI 781xR  
NI 781xR refers to all R Series devices with digital I/O.  
Reconfigurable I/O Documentation  
The NI 781xR User Manual is one piece of the documentation set for your  
reconfigurable I/O system and application. Depending on the hardware and  
software you use for your application, you could have any of several types  
of documentation. The documentation set includes the following  
documents:  
Getting Started with the NI 781xR—This document lists what you  
need to get started, describes how to unpack and install the software  
and hardware, and contains information about connecting I/O signals  
to the NI 781xR.  
LabVIEW FPGA Module Release and Upgrade Notes—This  
document contains information about installing and getting started  
with the LabVIEW FPGA Module. Select Start»Program Files»  
National Instruments»<LabVIEW>»LabVIEW Manuals to view  
the LabVIEW Manuals directory that contains this document.  
LabVIEW Help—Select Help»Search the LabVIEW Help in  
LabVIEW to view the LabVIEW Help. This help file contains  
information about using VIs with the NI 781xR and using the  
LabVIEW FPGA Module and the LabVIEW Real-Time Module.  
Browse the FPGA Module book in the Contents tab for  
information about how to use the FPGA Module to create VIs that  
run on the NI 781xR device.  
Browse the Real-Time Module book in the Contents tab for  
information about how to build deterministic applications using  
the LabVIEW Real-Time Module.  
NI 781xR User Manual  
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About This Manual  
Related Documentation  
The following documents contain information you may find helpful:  
PICMG CompactPCI 2.0 R3.0  
PXI Hardware Specification Revision 2.1  
PXI Software Specification Revision 2.1  
PCI Specification Revision 3.0  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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1
Introduction  
This chapter describes the NI 781xR, the concept of the Reconfigurable I/O  
(RIO) device, optional software and equipment for using the NI 781xR, and  
safety information about the NI 781xR.  
About the Reconfigurable I/O Devices  
The NI 781xR devices are R Series RIO devices with 160 digital I/O (DIO)  
lines and four DIO connectors.  
The NI 7811R has a one million gate Field-Programmable Gate Array  
(FPGA).  
The NI 7813R has a three million gate FPGA.  
A user-reconfigurable FPGA controls the digital I/O lines on the NI 781xR.  
The FPGA on the R Series device allows you to define the functionality and  
timing of the device. You can change the functionality of the FPGA on the  
R Series device in LabVIEW using the LabVIEW FPGA Module to create  
and download a custom virtual instrument (VI) to the FPGA. Using the  
FPGA Module, you can graphically design the timing and functionality of  
the R Series device. If you have LabVIEW but not the FPGA Module, you  
cannot create new FPGA VIs, but you can create VIs that run on Windows  
or on a LabVIEW Real-Time (RT) target to control existing FPGAVIs.  
Some applications require tasks such as real-time, floating-point  
processing, or datalogging while performing I/O and logic on the R Series  
device. You can use the LabVIEW Real-Time Module to perform these  
additional applications while communicating with and controlling the  
R Series device.  
The R Series device contains flash memory to store a startup VI for  
automatic loading of the FPGA when the system is powered on.  
The NI 781xR uses the Real-Time System Integration (RTSI) bus to easily  
synchronize several measurement functions to a common trigger or timing  
event. The NI 781xR accesses the RTSI bus through the PXI trigger lines  
implemented on the PXI backplane. The RTSI bus can route timing and  
trigger signals between as many as seven PXI devices in your system.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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You can add additional I/O channels and signal conditioning using the  
CompactRIO R Series Expansion Chassis and CompactRIO I/O modules.  
Refer to Appendix A, Specifications, for detailed NI 781xR specifications.  
Using PXI with CompactPCI  
Using PXI-compatible products with standard CompactPCI products is an  
important feature provided by PXI Hardware Specification Revision 2.1  
and PXI Software Specification Revision 2.1. If you use a PXI-compatible  
plug-in card in a standard CompactPCI chassis, you cannot use  
PXI-specific functions, but you still can use the basic plug-in card  
functions. For example, the RTSI bus on the R Series device is available in  
a PXI chassis, but not in a CompactPCI chassis.  
The CompactPCI specification permits vendors to develop sub-buses that  
coexist with the basic PCI interface on the CompactPCI bus. Compatible  
operation is not guaranteed between CompactPCI devices with different  
sub-buses nor between CompactPCI devices with sub-buses and PXI.  
The standard implementation for CompactPCI does not include these  
sub-buses. The R Series device works in any standard CompactPCI chassis  
adhering to the PICMG CompactPCI 2.0 R3.0 core specification.  
PXI-specific features are implemented on the J2 connector of the  
CompactPCI bus. Table 1-1 lists the J2 pins used by the NI PXI-781xR.  
The NI PXI-781xR is compatible with any CompactPCI chassis with a  
sub-bus that does not drive these lines. Even if the sub-bus is capable of  
driving these lines, the R Series device is still compatible as long as those  
pins on the sub-bus are disabled by default and are never enabled.  
Caution Damage can result if the J2 lines are driven by the sub-bus.  
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Table 1-1. Pins Used by the NI PXI-781xR  
NI PXI-781xR Signal  
PXI Pin Name  
PXI J2 Pin Number  
PXI Trigger<0..7>  
PXI Trigger<0..7>  
A16, A17, A18, B16, B18, C18,  
E16, E18  
PXI Clock 10 MHz  
PXI Star Trigger  
LBLSTAR<0..12>  
PXI Clock 10 MHz  
PXI Star Trigger  
LBL<0..12>  
E17  
D17  
A1, A19, C1, C19, C20, D1, D2,  
D15, D19, E1, E2, E19, E20  
LBR<0..12>  
LBR<0..12>  
A2, A3, A20, A21, B2, B20, C3,  
C21, D3, D21, E3, E15, E21  
Overview of Reconfigurable I/O  
This section explains reconfigurable I/O and describes how to use the  
LabVIEW FPGA Module to build high-level functions in hardware.  
Refer to Chapter 2, Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR, for descriptions  
of the I/O resources on the NI 781xR.  
Reconfigurable I/O Concept  
The NI 781xR is based on a reconfigurable FPGA core surrounded by fixed  
digital input and output resources. You can configure the behavior of the  
FPGA to meet the requirements of your measurement and control system.  
You can implement this user-defined behavior as an FPGA VI to create an  
application-specific I/O device.  
Flexible Functionality  
Flexible functionality allows the NI 781xR to match individual application  
requirements and to mimic the functionality of fixed I/O devices. For  
example, you can configure an R Series device in one application for three  
32-bit quadrature encoders and then reconfigure the R Series device in  
another application for eight 16-bit event counters.  
You also can use the R Series device with the LabVIEW Real-Time  
Module in timing and triggering applications, such as control and  
hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations. For example, you can configure  
the R Series device for a single timed loop in one application and then  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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reconfigure the device in another application for four independent timed  
loops with separate I/O resources.  
User-Defined I/O Resources  
You can create your own custom measurements using the fixed I/O  
resources. For example, one application might require an event counter that  
increments when a rising edge appears on any of three digital input lines.  
You can implement these behaviors in the hardware for fast, deterministic  
performance.  
Device-Embedded Logic and Processing  
You can implement LabVIEW logic and processing on the FPGA of the  
R Series device. Typical logic functions include Boolean operations,  
comparisons, and basic mathematical operations. You can implement  
multiple functions efficiently in the same design, operating sequentially or  
in parallel. You also can implement more complex algorithms such as  
control loops. You are limited only by the size of the FPGA.  
Reconfigurable I/O Architecture  
Figure 1-1 shows an FPGA connected to fixed I/O resources and a bus  
interface.  
Fixed I/O Resource  
Fixed I/O Resource  
Fixed I/O Resource  
FPGA  
Fixed I/O Resource  
Bus Interface  
Figure 1-1. High-Level FPGA Functional Overview  
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Software accesses the R Series device through the bus interface. The FPGA  
connects the bus interface and the fixed I/O to make possible timing,  
triggering, processing, and custom I/O measurements using the LabVIEW  
FPGA Module.  
The FPGA logic provides timing, triggering, processing, and custom I/O  
measurements. Each fixed I/O resource used by the application uses a small  
portion of the FPGA logic that controls the fixed I/O resource. The bus  
interface also uses a small portion of the FPGA logic to provide software  
access to the device.  
The remaining FPGA logic is available for higher-level functions such as  
timing, triggering, and counting. The functions use varied amounts of logic.  
You can place useful applications in the FPGA. How much FPGA space  
your application requires depends on your need for I/O recovery, I/O, and  
logic algorithms.  
The FPGA does not retain the VI when the R Series device is powered off,  
so you must reload the VI every time you power on the device. You can load  
the VI from onboard flash memory or from software over the bus interface.  
One advantage to using flash memory is that the VI can start executing  
almost immediately after power-up instead of waiting for the computer to  
completely boot and load the FPGA VI. Refer to the LabVIEW Help for  
more information about how to store your VI in flash memory.  
Reconfigurable I/O Applications  
You can use the LabVIEW FPGA Module to create or acquire new VIs for  
your application. The FPGA Module allows you to define custom  
functionality for the R Series device using a subset of LabVIEW  
functionality. Refer to the R Series examples, located in the <LabVIEW>\  
examples\R Seriesdirectory, for examples of FPGA VIs.  
Software Development  
You can use LabVIEW with the LabVIEW FPGA Module to program the  
NI 781xR. To develop real-time applications that control the NI 781xR, use  
LabVIEW with the LabVIEW Real-Time Module.  
LabVIEW FPGA Module  
The LabVIEW FPGA Module enables you to use LabVIEW to create VIs  
that run on the FPGA of the R Series device. Use the FPGA Module VIs  
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Introduction  
and functions to control the I/O, timing, and logic of the R Series device  
and generate interrupts for synchronization. Select Help»Search the  
LabVIEW Help to view the LabVIEW Help. In the LabVIEW Help, use the  
Contents tab to browse to the FPGA Interface book for more information  
about the FPGA Interface functions.  
You can use Interactive Front Panel Communication to communicate  
directly with the FPGA VI running on the FPGA target. You can use  
Programmatic FPGA Interface Communication to programmatically  
monitor and control an FPGA VI with a separate host VI.  
Use the FPGA Interface functions when you target LabVIEW for Windows  
or an RT target to create host VIs that wait for interrupts and control the  
FPGA by reading and writing to the FPGA VI running on the R Series  
device.  
Note If you use the R Series device without the FPGA Module, you can use the RIO  
Device Setup utility, available by selecting Start»Program Files»National Instruments»  
NI-RIO»RIO Device Setup, to download precompiled FPGA VIs to the flash memory of  
the R Series device. This utility is installed by the NI-RIO CD. You also can use the utility  
to synchronize the clock R Series device to the PXI clock, and to configure when the VI  
loads from flash memory.  
LabVIEW Real-Time Module  
The LabVIEW Real-Time Module extends the LabVIEW development  
environment to deliver deterministic, real-time performance.  
You can write host VIs that run in Windows or on RT targets to  
communicate with FPGA VIs that run on the NI 781xR.You can develop  
real-time VIs with LabVIEW and the LabVIEW Real-Time Module and  
then download the Real-Time VIs to run on a hardware target with a  
real-time operating system. The LabVIEW Real-Time Module allows you  
to use the NI 781xR in RT Series PXI systems being controlled in real time  
by a VI.  
The NI 781xR is designed as a single-point DIO complement to  
the LabVIEW Real-Time Module. Refer to the LabVIEW Help, available  
by selecting Help»Search the LabVIEW Help, for more information  
about the LabVIEW Real-Time Module.  
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Cables and Optional Equipment  
National Instruments offers a variety of products you can use with R Series  
devices, including cables, connector blocks, and other accessories listed in  
Table 1-2.  
Table 1-2. Cables and Accessories  
Cable  
Cable Description  
Accessories  
SH68-C68-S  
Shielded 68-pin VHDCI male  
connector to female 0.050 series  
D-type connector. The cable is  
constructed with 34 twisted wire  
pairs plus an overall shield.  
Connects to the following standard  
68-pin screw-terminal blocks:  
• SCB-68  
• CB-68LP  
• CB-68LPR  
• TBX-68  
• cRIO-9151—passive backplane  
NSC68-5050  
Unshielded cable connects from  
68-pin VHDCI male connector to  
two 50-pin female headers. The  
pinout of these headers allows for  
direct connection to SSR  
50-pin headers can connect to the  
following SSR backplanes for digital  
• 8-channel backplane  
• 16-channel backplane  
• 32-channel backplane  
backplanes for digital signal  
conditioning.  
Refer to Appendix B, Connecting I/O Signals, for more information about  
using these cables and accessories to connect I/O signals to the NI 781xR.  
Refer to ni.com/productsor contact the sales office nearest to you for  
the most current cabling options.  
Custom Cabling  
NI offers a variety of cables for connecting signals to the NI 781xR. If you  
need to develop a custom cable, a generic unterminated shielded cable is  
available from NI. The SHC68-NT-S connects to the NI 781xR VHDCI  
connectors on one end of the cable. The other end of the cable is not  
terminated. This cable ships with a wire list identifying which wire  
corresponds to each NI 781xR pin. Using this cable, you can quickly  
connect the NI 781xR signals that you need to the connector of your choice.  
Refer to Appendix B, Connecting I/O Signals, for the NI 781xR connector  
pinouts.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Introduction  
Safety Information  
The following section contains important safety information that you must  
follow when installing and using the NI 781xR.  
Do not operate the NI 781xR in a manner not specified in this document.  
Misuse of the NI 781xR can result in a hazard. You can compromise the  
safety protection built into the NI 781xR if the NI 781xR is damaged in any  
way. If the NI 781xR is damaged, return it to NI for repair.  
Do not substitute parts or modify the NI 781xR except as described in this  
document. Use the NI 781xR only with the chassis, modules, accessories,  
and cables specified in the installation instructions. You must have all  
covers and filler panels installed during operation of the NI 781xR.  
Do not operate the NI 781xR in an explosive atmosphere or where there  
might be flammable gases or fumes. If you must operate the NI 781xR in  
such an environment, it must be in a suitably rated enclosure.  
If you need to clean the NI 781xR, use a soft, nonmetallic brush. Make sure  
that the NI 781xR is completely dry and free from contaminants before  
returning it to service.  
Operate the NI 781xR only at or below Pollution Degree 2. Pollution is  
foreign matter in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state that can reduce dielectric  
strength or surface resistivity. The following list describes pollution  
degrees:  
Pollution Degree 1—No pollution or only dry, nonconductive  
pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence.  
Pollution Degree 2—Only nonconductive pollution occurs in most  
cases. Occasionally, however, a temporary conductivity caused by  
condensation must be expected.  
Pollution Degree 3—Conductive pollution occurs, or dry,  
nonconductive pollution occurs that becomes conductive due to  
condensation.  
You must insulate signal connections for the maximum voltage for which  
the NI 781xR is rated. Do not exceed the maximum ratings for the  
NI 781xR. Do not install wiring while the NI 781xR is live with electrical  
signals. Do not remove or add connector blocks when power is connected  
to the system. Remove power from signal lines before connecting them to  
or disconnecting them from the NI 781xR.  
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Chapter 1  
Introduction  
Operate the NI 781xR at or below the measurement category1 listed in the  
Environmental section of Appendix A, Specifications. Measurement  
circuits are subjected to working voltages2 and transient stresses  
(overvoltage) from the circuit to which they are connected during  
measurement or test. Measurement categories establish standard impulse  
withstand voltage levels that commonly occur in electrical distribution  
systems. The following list describes installation categories:  
Measurement Category I—Measurements performed on circuits not  
directly connected to the electrical distribution system referred to as  
MAINS3 voltage. This category is for measurements of voltages from  
specially protected secondary circuits. Such voltage measurements  
include signal levels, special equipment, limited-energy parts of  
equipment, circuits powered by regulated low-voltage sources, and  
electronics.  
Measurement Category II—Measurements performed on circuits  
directly connected to the electrical distribution system. This category  
refers to local-level electrical distribution, such as that provided by a  
standard wall outlet (for example, 115 V for U.S. or 230 V for Europe).  
Examples of Measurement Category II are measurements performed  
on household appliances, portable tools, and similar products.  
Measurement Category III—Measurements performed in the  
building installation at the distribution level. This category refers to  
measurements on hard-wired equipment such as equipment in fixed  
installations, distribution boards, and circuit breakers. Other examples  
are wiring, including cables, bus-bars, junction boxes, switches,  
socket-outlets in the fixed installation, and stationary motors with  
permanent connections to fixed installations.  
Measurement Category IV—Measurements performed at the  
primary electrical supply installation (<1,000 V). Examples include  
electricity meters and measurements on primary overcurrent  
protection devices and on ripple control units.  
1
2
3
Measurement categories, also referred to as installation categories, are defined in electrical safety standard IEC 61010-1.  
Working voltage is the highest rms value of an AC or DC voltage that can occur across any particular insulation.  
MAINS is defined as a hazardous live electrical supply system that powers equipment. Suitably rated measuring circuits may  
be connected to the MAINS for measuring purposes.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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NI 781xR User Manual  
 
2
Hardware Overview  
of the NI 781xR  
This chapter presents an overview of the hardware functions and  
I/O connectors on the NI 781xR.  
Figure 2-1 shows a block diagram for the NI 781xR.  
Configuration Control  
Flash Memory  
Control  
User-Configurable  
Bus  
Interface  
Digital I/O (40)  
Digital I/O (40)  
Digital I/O (40)  
Digital I/O (40)  
Data/Address/Control  
FPGA on  
RIO Devices  
Address/Data  
PXI Local Bus (NI PXI-781x R Only)  
RTSI Bus  
Figure 2-1. NI 781xR Block Diagram  
© National Instruments Corporation  
2-1  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
       
Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
NI 7811R Overview  
The NI 7811R has 160 bidirectional DIO lines and a one million gate  
FPGA.  
NI 7813R Overview  
The NI 7813R has 160 bidirectional DIO lines and a three million gate  
FPGA.  
Digital I/O  
You can configure the NI 781xR DIO lines individually for either input or  
output. When the system powers on, the DIO lines are all high-impedance.  
To set another power-on state, you can configure the NI 781xR to load a VI  
when the system powers on. This VI then can then set the DIO lines to any  
power-on state.  
Connecting Digital I/O Signals  
DIO<0..n> signals make up the DIO port, and DGND is the ground  
reference signal for the DIO port. The NI 781xR has four DIO connectors  
for a total of 160 DIO lines.  
Refer to Figure B-1, NI 781xR Connector Locations, and Figure B-2,  
NI 781xR I/O Connector Pin Assignments, for the connector locations and  
the I/O connector pin assignments on the NI 781xR.  
The DIO lines on the NI 781xR are TTL compatible. When configured as  
inputs, they can receive signals from 5 V TTL, 3.3 V LVTTL, 5 V CMOS,  
and 3.3 V LVCMOS devices. When configured as outputs, they can send  
signals to 5 V TTL, 3.3 V LVTTL, and 3.3 V LVCMOS devices. Because  
the digital outputs provide a nominal output swing of 0 to 3.3 V  
(3.3 V TTL), the DIO lines cannot drive 5 V CMOS logic levels. To  
interface to 5 V CMOS devices, you must provide an external pull-up  
resistor to 5 V. This resistor pulls up the 3.3 V digital output from the  
NI 781xR to 5 V CMOS logic levels. Refer to Appendix A, Specifications,  
for detailed DIO specifications.  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
Caution Exceeding the maximum input voltage ratings listed in Table B-2, NI 781xR I/O  
Signal Summary, can damage the NI 781xR and the computer. NI is not liable for any  
damage resulting from such signal connections.  
Caution Do not short the DIO lines of the NI 781xR directly to power or to ground. Doing  
so can damage the NI 781xR by causing excessive current to flow through the DIO lines.  
You can connect multiple NI 781xR digital output lines in parallel to  
provide higher current sourcing or sinking capability. If you connect  
multiple digital output lines in parallel, your application must drive all of  
these lines simultaneously to the same value. If you connect digital lines  
together and drive them to different values, excessive current can flow  
through the DIO lines and damage the NI 781xR. Refer to Appendix A,  
Specifications, for more information about DIO specifications. Figure 2-2  
shows signal connections for three typical DIO applications.  
LED  
TTL or  
LVCMOS  
Compatible  
Devices  
+5 V  
DGND  
*
DIO<4..7>  
DIO<0..3>  
5 V CMOS  
TTL, LVTTL, CMOS, or LVCMOS Signal  
+5 V  
Switch  
DGND  
I/O Connector  
NI 781xR  
*
3.3 V CMOS  
Use a pull-up resistor when driving 5 V CMOS devices  
Figure 2-2. Example Digital I/O Connections  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
Figure 2-2 shows DIO<0..3> configured for digital input and DIO<4..7>  
configured for digital output. Digital input applications include receiving  
TTL, LVTTL, CMOS, or LVCMOS signals and sensing external device  
states, such as the state of the switch shown in Figure 2-2. Digital output  
applications include sending TTL or LVCMOS signals and driving external  
devices, such as the LED shown in Figure 2-2.  
The NI 781xR SH68-C68-S shielded cable contains 34 twisted pairs of  
conductors. To maximize the digital I/O available on the NI 781xR, some  
of the DIO lines are twisted with power or ground, and some DIO lines are  
twisted with other DIO lines. To obtain maximum signal integrity, place  
edge-sensitive or high-frequency digital signals on the DIO lines that are  
paired with power or ground. Because the DIO lines that are twisted with  
other DIO lines can couple noise onto each other, use these lines for static  
signals or for non-edge-sensitive, low-frequency digital signals. Examples  
of high-frequency or edge-sensitive signals include clock, trigger,  
pulse-width modulation (PWM), encoder, and counter signals. Examples of  
static signals or non-edge-sensitive, low-frequency signals include LEDs,  
switches, and relays. Table 2-1 summarizes these guidelines.  
Table 2-1. DIO Signal Guidelines for the NI PXI-781xR  
SH68-C68-S Shielded  
Cable Signal Pairing  
Recommended Types  
of Digital Signals  
Digital Lines  
DIO<0..27>  
DIO line paired with power  
or ground  
All types—high-frequency or  
low-frequency signals,  
edge-sensitive or  
non-edge-sensitive signals  
DIO<28..39>  
DIO line paired with another  
DIO line  
Static signals or  
non-edge-sensitive,  
low-frequency signals  
RTSI Trigger Bus  
The NI 781xR can send and receive triggers through the RTSI trigger bus.  
The RTSI bus provides eight shared trigger lines that connect to all the  
devices on the bus. In PXI, the trigger lines are shared between all the PXI  
slots in a bus segment. In PCI, the RTSI bus is implemented through a  
ribbon cable connected to the RTSI connector on each device that needs to  
access the RTSI bus.  
You can use the RTSI trigger lines to synchronize the NI 781xR to any other  
device that supports RTSI triggers. On the NI PCI-781xR, the RTSI trigger  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
lines are labeled RTSI/TRIG<0..6> and RTSI/OSC. On the NI PXI-781xR,  
the RTSI trigger lines are labeled PXI/TRIG<0..7>. In addition, the  
NI PXI-781xR can use the PXI star trigger line to send or receive triggers  
from a device plugged into Slot 2 of the PXI chassis. The PXI star trigger  
line on the NI PXI-781xR is PXI/STAR.  
The NI 781xR can configure each RTSI trigger line as either an input or an  
output signal. Because each trigger line on the RTSI bus is connected in  
parallel to all the other RTSI devices on the bus, only one device should  
drive a particular RTSI trigger line at a time. For example, if one  
NI PXI-781xR is configured to send out a trigger pulse on PXI/TRIG0,  
the remaining devices on that PXI bus segment must have PXI/TRIG0  
configured as an input.  
Caution Do not drive the same RTSI trigger bus line with the NI 781xR and another device  
simultaneously. Such signal driving can damage both devices. NI is not liable for any  
damage resulting from such signal driving.  
For more information on using and configuring triggers, select  
Help»Search the LabVIEW Help in LabVIEW to view the LabVIEW  
Help. Refer to the PXI Hardware Specification Revision 2.1 and PXI  
Software Specification Revision 2.1 at www.pxisa.orgfor more  
information about PXI triggers.  
PXI Local Bus  
The NI PXI-781xR can communicate with other PXI devices using the PXI  
local bus. The PXI local bus is a daisy-chained bus that connects each PXI  
peripheral slot with the adjacent peripheral slot on either side. For example,  
the right local bus lines from a given PXI peripheral slot connect to the left  
local bus lines of the adjacent slot on the right. Each local bus is 13 lines  
wide. All of these lines connect to the FPGA on the NI PXI-781xR, and you  
can use these lines as you use any of the other NI PXI-781xR DIO lines.  
The PXI local bus right lines on the NI PXI-781xR are PXI/LBR<0..12>.  
The PXI local bus left lines on the NI PXI-781xR are  
PXI/LBLSTAR<0..12>.  
The NI PXI-781xR can configure each PXI local bus line as either an input  
or an output signal. Only one device can drive the same physical local bus  
line at a given time. For example, if an NI PXI-781xR is configured to drive  
a signal on PXI/LBR0, the device in the slot immediately to the right must  
have its PXI/LBLSTAR 0 line configured as an input.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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NI 781xR User Manual  
 
 
Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
Caution Do not drive the same PXI local bus line with the NI PXI-781xR and another  
device simultaneously. Such signal driving can damage both devices. NI is not liable for  
any damage resulting from such signal driving.  
The NI PXI-781xR local bus lines are compatible only with 3.3 V signaling  
LVTTL and LVCMOS levels.  
Caution Do not enable the local bus lines on an adjacent device if the device drives  
anything other than 0–3.3 V LVTTL signal levels on the NI PXI-781xR. Enabling the lines  
in this way can damage the NI PXI-781xR. NI is not liable for any damage resulting from  
enabling such lines.  
The left local bus lines from the left peripheral slot of a PXI backplane  
(Slot 2) are routed to the star trigger lines of up to 13 other peripheral slots  
in a two-segment PXI system. This configuration provides a dedicated,  
delay-matched trigger signal between the first peripheral slot and the  
other peripheral slots and results in very precise trigger timing signals.  
For example, an NI PXI-781xR in Slot 2 can send an independent  
trigger signal to each device plugged into Slots <3..15> using the  
PXI/LBLSTAR<0..12>. Each device receives its trigger signal on its own  
dedicated star trigger line.  
Caution Do not configure the NI PXI-781xR and another device to drive the same physical  
star trigger line simultaneously. Such signal driving can damage the NI PXI-781xR and the  
other device. NI is not liable for any damage resulting from such signal driving.  
Refer to the PXI Hardware Specification Revision 2.1 and PXI Software  
Specification Revision 2.1 at www.pxisa.orgfor more information about  
PXI triggers.  
Switch Settings  
Refer to Figure 2-3 for the location of the switches on the NI 781xR. For  
normal operation, SW1 is in the OFF position. To prevent a VI stored in  
flash memory from loading to the FPGA at power up, move SW1 to the  
ON position, as shown in Figure 2-5.  
Note SW2 and SW3 are not connected.  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
SW1, SW2, SW3  
NI PXI-  
7811R  
le I/O  
Reconfigur  
ab  
OENCT  
R3(DIO)  
OENCT  
R2(DIO)  
Figure 2-3. Switch Location on the NI PXI-781xR  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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NI 781xR User Manual  
 
 
Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
SW1, SW2, SW3  
Figure 2-4. Switch Location on the NI PCI-781xR  
ON  
ON  
1 2 3  
1 2 3  
a. Normal Operation (Default)  
b. Prevent VI From Loading  
Figure 2-5. Switch Settings  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview of the NI 781xR  
Complete the following steps to prevent a VI stored in flash memory from  
loading to the FPGA:  
1. Power off and unplug the PC or the PXI/CompactPCI chassis.  
2. Remove the NI 781xR from the PCI or PXI/CompactPCI chassis.  
3. Move SW1 to the ON position, as shown in Figure 2-5b.  
4. Reinsert the NI PXI-781xR into the PC or PXI/CompactPCI chassis.  
Refer to the Installing the Hardware section of the Getting Started  
with the NI 781xR document for installation instructions.  
5. Plug in and power on the PC or PXI/CompactPCI chassis.  
After you complete this procedure, a VI stored in flash memory does not  
load to the FPGA at power up. You can use software to reconfigure the  
NI 781xR, if necessary. To return to the default setting so that VIs load from  
flash memory, repeat the previous procedure but return SW1 to the OFF  
position in step 3. You can use this switch to enable or disable the ability to  
load from flash memory. In addition to this switch, you must configure the  
NI 781xR with the software to autoload an FPGA VI.  
Note When the NI 781xR is powered on with SW1 in the ON position, the analog circuitry  
does not return properly calibrated data. Move the switch to the ON position only while  
you are using software to reconfigure the NI 781xR for the desired power-up behavior.  
Afterward, return SW1 to the OFF position.  
Power Connections  
Two pins on each I/O connector supply 5 V from the computer power  
supply using a self-resetting fuse. The fuse resets automatically within a  
few seconds after the overcurrent condition is removed. The +5 V pins are  
referenced to DGND and power external digital circuitry. The NI 781xR  
has the following power rating:  
+4.50 to +5.25 VDC (250 mA max per 5 V pin)  
Caution Do not connect the +5 V power pins directly to digital ground or to any other  
voltage source on the NI 781xR or on any other device under any circumstance. Doing so  
can damage the NI 781xR and the computer. NI is not liable for damage resulting from  
such a connection.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
2-9  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
 
A
Specifications  
This appendix lists the specifications of the NI 781xR. These specifications  
are typical at 25 °C unless otherwise noted.  
Digital I/O  
Number of channels ............................... 160 input/output  
Compatibility ......................................... TTL  
Digital logic levels  
Level  
Input low voltage (VIL)  
Min  
0.0 V  
2.0 V  
Max  
0.8 V  
5.5 V  
0.4 V  
Input high voltage (VIH)  
Output low voltage (VOL),  
where IOUT = –Imax (sink)  
Output high voltage (VOH),  
2.4 V  
where IOUT = Imax (source)  
Maximum output current  
Imax (sink) ........................................ 5.0 mA  
Imax (source) .................................... 5.0 mA  
Input leakage current.............................. ±10 µA  
Power-on state........................................ Programmable by line  
Data transfers ......................................... Interrupts, programmed I/O  
Protection  
Input................................................ –0.5 to 7.0 V  
Output ............................................. Short-circuit (up to eight lines  
can be shorted at a time)  
© National Instruments Corporation  
A-1  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
     
Appendix A  
Specifications  
Reconfigurable FPGA  
Number of logic slices  
NI 7811R .........................................5,120  
NI 7813R .........................................14,336  
Equivalent number of logic cells  
NI 7811R .........................................11,520  
NI 7813R .........................................32,256  
Available embedded RAM  
NI 7811R .........................................81,920 bytes  
NI 7813R .........................................196,608 bytes  
Timebase.................................................40, 80, 120, 160, or 200 MHz  
Timebase reference sources....................Onboard clock, phase-locked to  
PXI 10 MHz clock  
Timebase accuracy  
Onboard clock ................................. 100 ppm, 450 ps jitter  
Phase locked to  
PXI 10 MHz clock...........................Adds 350 ps jitter, 300 ps skew  
Additional frequency-dependent jitter  
40 MHz............................................None  
80 MHz............................................400 ps  
120 MHz..........................................720 ps  
160 MHz..........................................710 ps  
200 MHz..........................................700 ps  
Bus Interface  
NI 781xR.................................................Master, slave  
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Appendix A  
Specifications  
Power Requirement  
+5 VDC ( 5%)  
NI 7811R......................................... 9 mA (typ), 50 mA (max)1  
NI 7813R......................................... 9 mA (typ), 50 mA (max)1  
+3.3 VDC ( 5%)  
NI 7811R......................................... 650 mA (typ), 1,000 mA (max)2  
NI 7813R......................................... 850 mA (typ), 1,350 mA (max)2  
To calculate the total current sourced by the digital outputs, use the  
following equation:  
j
current sourced on channel i  
i = 1  
where j is the number of digital outputs being used to source current.  
Power available at I/O connectors ......... +4.50 to +5.25 VDC,  
250 mA per I/O connector pin  
Physical  
Dimensions (not including connectors)  
NI PXI-781xR ................................ 16.0 cm × 10.0 cm  
(6.3 in. × 3.9 in.)  
NI PCI-781xR ................................ 15.5 cm × 10.6 cm  
(6.105 in. × 4.162 in.)  
Weight  
PCI-781xR ...................................... 112 g  
PXI-781xR ...................................... 162 g  
I/O connectors........................................ Four 68-pin female high-density  
VHDCI type  
1
Does not include current drawn form the +5 V line on the I/O connectors.  
Does not include current sourced by the digital outputs.  
2
© National Instruments Corporation  
A-3  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
   
Appendix A  
Specifications  
Environmental  
Operating Environment  
The NI 781xR is intended for indoor use only.  
Ambient temperature range ....................0 °C to 55 °C, tested in  
accordance with IEC-60068-2-1  
and IEC-60068-2-2  
Relative humidity range..........................10% to 90%, noncondensing,  
tested in accordance with  
IEC-60068-2-56  
Altitude ...................................................2,000 m at 25 °C ambient  
temperature  
Storage Environment  
Ambient temperature range ....................–20 °C to 70 °C, tested in  
accordance with IEC-60068-2-1  
and IEC-60068-2-2  
Relative humidity range..........................5% to 95%, noncondensing,  
tested in accordance with  
IEC-60068-2-56  
Note Clean the device with a soft, non-metallic brush. Make sure that the device is  
completely dry and free from contaminants before returning it to service.  
Shock and Vibration (NI PXI-781xR Only)  
Operational shock...................................30 g peak, half-sine, 11 ms pulse  
Tested in accordance with  
IEC-60068-2-27. Test profile  
developed in accordance with  
MIL-PRF-28800F.  
Random vibration  
Operating.........................................5 Hz to 500 Hz, 0.3 grms  
Nonoperating...................................5 Hz to 500 Hz, 2.4 grms  
Tested in accordance with  
IEC-60068-2-64. Nonoperating  
test profile exceeds the  
requirements of  
MIL-PRF-28800F, Class 3.  
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Appendix A  
Specifications  
Safety  
The NI 781xR is designed to meet the requirements of the following  
standards of safety for electrical equipment for measurement, control,  
and laboratory use:  
IEC 61010-1, EN 61010-1  
UL 61010-1, CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-1  
Note Refer to the product label, or visit ni.com/certification, search by model  
number or product line, and click the appropriate link in the Certification column for UL  
and other safety certifications.  
Electromagnetic Compatibility  
The NI 781xR is designed to meet the requirements of the following  
standards of EMC for electrical equipment for measurement, control,  
and laboratory use:  
EN 61326 EMC requirements; Minimum Immunity  
EN 55011 Emissions; Group 1, Class A  
CE, C-Tick, ICES, and FCC Part 15 Emissions; Class A  
Note For EMC compliance, operate this device with shielded cabling.  
CE Compliance  
This product meets the essential requirements of applicable European  
Directives, as amended for CE marking, as follows:  
73/23/EEC; Low-Voltage Directive (safety)  
89/336/EEC; Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC)  
Note Refer to the Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for this product for any additional  
regulatory compliance information. To obtain the DoC for this product, visit  
ni.com/certification, search by model number or product line, and click the  
appropriate link in the Certification column.  
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)  
EU Customers At the end of their life cycle, all products must be sent to a WEEE recycling  
center. For more information about WEEE recycling centers and National Instruments  
WEEE initiatives, visit ni.com/environment/weee.htm.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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NI 781xR User Manual  
 
B
Connecting I/O Signals  
This appendix describes how to make input and output signal connections  
to the NI 781xR I/O connectors.  
The NI 781xR has four DIO connectors with 40 DIO lines per connector.  
Figure B-1 shows the I/O connector locations for the NI 781xR. The I/O  
connectors are numbered starting at zero.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
B-1  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
     
Appendix B  
Connecting I/O Signals  
PCI-781xR  
1
2
1
Connector Overlay for the  
NI PXI-781x  
2
Connector Overlay for the  
NI PCI-781x  
Figure B-1. NI 781xR Connector Locations  
NI 781xR User Manual  
B-2  
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Appendix B  
Connecting I/O Signals  
Figure B-2 shows the I/O connector pin assignments for the I/O connectors  
on the NI 781xR.  
68 34  
DIO37 67 33 DIO36  
DIO39  
DIO38  
66 32  
DIO34  
DIO35  
DIO33  
DIO31  
DIO29  
DIO27  
DIO26  
DIO25  
DIO24  
65 31 DIO32  
64 30 DIO30  
DIO28  
+5V  
63 29  
62 28  
61 27 +5V  
60 26 DGND  
DGND  
59 25  
DIO23 58 24 DGND  
57 23  
56 22  
55 21  
DIO22  
DIO21  
DIO20  
DIO19  
DIO18  
DIO17  
DIO16  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
54 20 DGND  
53 19  
52 18  
51 17  
50 16  
49 15  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DIO15  
DIO14  
48 14 DGND  
47 13 DGND  
46 12 DGND  
DIO13  
DIO12  
DIO11  
DIO10  
DIO9  
DIO8  
DIO7  
DIO6  
DIO5  
DIO4  
DIO3  
DIO2  
DIO1  
DIO0  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
45 11  
44 10  
43  
42  
41  
40  
39  
38  
37  
36  
35  
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
Figure B-2. NI 781xR I/O Connector Pin Assignments  
To access the signals on the I/O connectors, you must connect a cable from  
the I/O connector to a signal accessory. Plug the small VHDCI connector  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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NI 781xR User Manual  
 
   
Appendix B  
Connecting I/O Signals  
end of the cable into the appropriate I/O connector and connect the other  
end of the cable to the appropriate signal accessory.  
Table B-1. I/O Connector Signal Descriptions  
Signal Name  
Reference  
Direction  
Description  
+5V  
DGND  
Output  
+5 VDC Source—These pins supply 5 V from the computer  
power supply using a self-resetting 1 A fuse. No more than  
250 mA should be pulled from a single pin.  
DGND  
Digital Ground—These pins supply the reference for the  
digital signals at the I/O connector as well as the 5 V supply.  
DIO<0..39>  
DGND  
Input or  
Output  
Digital I/O signals.  
Caution Connections that exceed any of the maximum ratings of input or output signals  
on the NI 781xR can damage the NI 781xR and the computer. Maximum input ratings for  
each signal are given in the Protection (Volts) On/Off column of Table B-2. NI is not liable  
for any damage resulting from such signal connections.  
Table B-2. NI 781xR I/O Signal Summary  
Signal  
Type and  
Direction  
Impedance  
Input/  
Output  
Protection  
(Volts)  
On/Off  
Source  
Sink  
Rise  
Signal Name  
+5V  
(mA at V)  
(mA at V)  
Time  
Bias  
DO  
DO  
DGND  
DIO<0..39>  
DIO  
–0.5 to +7.0  
5.0 at 2.4  
5.0 at 0.4  
12 ns  
Connector<0..3>  
DIO = Digital Input/Output  
DO = Digital Output  
Connecting to CompactRIO Extension I/O Chassis  
You can use the CompactRIO R Series Expansion chassis and CompactRIO  
I/O modules with the NI 781xR. Refer to the CompactRIO R Series  
Expansion System Installation Instructions for information about  
connecting the chassis to the NI 781xR.  
NI 781xR User Manual  
B-4  
ni.com  
 
     
Appendix B  
Connecting I/O Signals  
Connecting to SSR Signal Conditioning  
NI provides cables that allow you to connect signals from the NI 781xR  
directly to SSR backplanes for digital signal conditioning.  
The NSC68-5050 cable is designed to connect the signals on the NI 781xR  
DIO connectors directly to SSR backplanes for digital signal conditioning.  
This cable has a 68-pin male VHDCI connector on one end that plugs into  
the NI 781xR DIO connectors. The other end of this cable provides two  
50-pin female headers.  
Each of these 50-pin headers can be plugged directly into an eight-, 16-,  
24-, or 32-channel SSR backplane for digital signal conditioning. One of  
the 50-pin headers contains DIO lines <0..23> from the NI 781xR DIO  
connector. These lines are mapped to slots <0..23> on an SSR backplane in  
sequential order. The other 50-pin header contains DIO lines <24..39> from  
the NI 781xR DIO connector. These lines are mapped to slots <0..15> on  
an SSR backplane in sequential order. You can connect to an SSR  
backplane containing a number channels that does not equal the number of  
lines on the NSC68-5050 cable header. In this case, you have access only  
to the channels that exist on both the SSR backplane and the NSC68-5050  
cable header you are using.  
Figure B-3 shows the connector pinouts when using the NSC68-5050  
cable.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
B-5  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
Appendix B  
Connecting I/O Signals  
DIO23  
DIO22  
DIO21  
DIO20  
DIO19  
DIO18  
DIO17  
DIO16  
DIO15  
DIO14  
DIO13  
DIO12  
DIO11  
DIO10  
DIO9  
DIO8  
DIO7  
DIO6  
DIO5  
DIO4  
DIO3  
DIO2  
DIO1  
1
3
5
7
9
2
4
6
8
10  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
1
3
5
7
9
2
4
6
8
10  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
11 12  
13 14  
15 16  
17 18  
19 20  
21 22  
23 24  
25 26  
27 28  
29 30  
31 32  
33 34  
35 36  
37 38  
39 40  
41 42  
43 44  
45 46  
47 48  
49 50  
11 12  
13 14  
15 16  
17 18  
19 20  
21 22  
23 24  
25 26  
27 28  
29 30  
31 32  
33 34  
35 36  
37 38  
39 40  
41 42  
43 44  
45 46  
47 48  
49 50  
NC  
DIO39  
DIO38  
DIO37  
DIO36  
DIO35  
DIO34  
DIO33  
DIO32  
DIO31  
DIO30  
DIO29  
DIO28  
DIO27  
DIO26  
DIO25  
DIO24  
+5V  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DGND  
DIO0  
+5V  
DIO 0–23 Connector  
Pin Assignment  
DIO 24–39 Connector  
Pin Assignment  
Figure B-3. Connector Pinouts for Use with the NSC68-5050 Cable  
NI 781xR User Manual  
B-6  
ni.com  
 
 
C
Using the SCB-68  
Shielded Connector Block  
This appendix describes how to connect input and output signals to the  
NI 781xR with the SCB-68 shielded connector block.  
The SCB-68 has 68 screw terminals for I/O signal connections. To use the  
SCB-68 with the NI 781xR, you must configure the SCB-68 as a  
general-purpose connector block. Figure C-1 illustrates the  
general-purpose switch configuration.  
S5 S4 S3  
S1  
S2  
Figure C-1. General-Purpose Switch Configuration for the SCB-68 Terminal Block  
After configuring the SCB-68 switches, you can connect the I/O signals to  
the SCB-68 screw terminals. Refer to Appendix B, Connecting I/O Signals,  
for the connector pin assignments for the NI 781xR. After connecting  
I/O signals to the SCB-68 screw terminals, you can connect the SCB-68 to  
the NI 781xR with the SH68-C68-S shielded cable.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
C-1  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
   
D
Technical Support and  
Professional Services  
Visit the following sections of the National Instruments Web site at  
ni.comfor technical support and professional services:  
Support—Online technical support resources at ni.com/support  
include the following:  
Self-Help Resources—For answers and solutions, visit the  
award-winning National Instruments Web site for software drivers  
and updates, a searchable KnowledgeBase, product manuals,  
step-by-step troubleshooting wizards, thousands of example  
programs, tutorials, application notes, instrument drivers, and  
so on.  
Free Technical Support—All registered users receive free Basic  
Service, which includes access to hundreds of Application  
Engineers worldwide in the NI Developer Exchange at  
ni.com/exchange. National Instruments Application Engineers  
make sure every question receives an answer.  
For information about other technical support options in your  
area, visit ni.com/servicesor contact your local office at  
ni.com/contact.  
Training and Certification—Visit ni.com/trainingfor  
self-paced training, eLearning virtual classrooms, interactive CDs,  
and Certification program information. You also can register for  
instructor-led, hands-on courses at locations around the world.  
System Integration—If you have time constraints, limited in-house  
technical resources, or other project challenges, National Instruments  
Alliance Partner members can help. To learn more, call your local  
NI office or visit ni.com/alliance.  
Declaration of Conformity (DoC)—A DoC is our claim of  
compliance with the Council of the European Communities using  
the manufacturer’s declaration of conformity. This system affords  
the user protection for electronic compatibility (EMC) and product  
safety. You can obtain the DoC for your product by visiting  
ni.com/certification.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
D-1  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
   
Appendix D  
Technical Support and Professional Services  
Calibration Certificate—If your product supports calibration,  
you can obtain the calibration certificate for your product at  
ni.com/calibration.  
If you searched ni.comand could not find the answers you need, contact  
your local office or NI corporate headquarters. Phone numbers for our  
worldwide offices are listed at the front of this manual. You also can visit  
the Worldwide Offices section of ni.com/niglobalto access the branch  
office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support  
phone numbers, email addresses, and current events.  
NI 781xR User Manual  
D-2  
ni.com  
 
Glossary  
Symbol  
Prefix  
pico  
Value  
10–12  
10– 6  
10–3  
106  
p
µ
micro  
milli  
m
M
mega  
A
A
Amperes.  
ASIC  
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit—A proprietary semiconductor  
component designed and manufactured to perform a set of specific  
functions.  
B
bipolar  
A signal range that includes both positive and negative values (for example,  
–5 to +5 V).  
C
C
Celsius.  
CalDAC  
CH  
Calibration DAC.  
Channel—Pin or wire lead to which you apply or from which you read the  
analog or digital signal. Analog signals can be single-ended or differential.  
For digital signals, you group channels to form ports. Ports usually consist  
of either four or eight digital channels.  
cm  
Centimeter.  
CMOS  
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
G-1  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
 
Glossary  
CMRR  
Common-mode rejection ratio—A measure of an instrument’s ability to  
reject interference from a common-mode signal, usually expressed in  
decibels (dB).  
common-mode  
voltage  
Any voltage present at the instrumentation amplifier inputs with respect to  
amplifier ground.  
CompactPCI  
Refers to the core specification defined by the PCI Industrial Computer  
Manufacturer’s Group (PICMG).  
D
D/A  
Digital-to-analog.  
DAC  
Digital-to-analog converter—An electronic device, often an integrated  
circuit, that converts a digital number into a corresponding analog voltage  
or current.  
DAQ  
dB  
Data acquisition—A system that uses the computer to collect, receive, and  
generate electrical signals.  
Decibel—The unit for expressing a logarithmic measure of the ratio of  
two signal levels: dB = 20log10 V1/V2, for signals in volts.  
DC  
Direct current.  
DGND  
DIFF  
DIO  
Digital ground signal.  
Differential mode.  
Digital input/output.  
Digital input/output channel signal.  
DIO<i>  
DMA  
Direct memory access—A method by which data can be transferred  
to/from computer memory from/to a device or memory on the bus while the  
processor does something else. DMA is the fastest method of transferring  
data to/from computer memory.  
DNL  
DO  
Differential nonlinearity—A measure in LSB of the worst-case deviation of  
code widths from their ideal value of 1 LSB.  
Digital output.  
NI 781xR User Manual  
G-2  
© National Instruments Corporation  
 
Glossary  
E
EEPROM  
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory—ROM that can be  
erased with an electrical signal and reprogrammed.  
F
FPGA  
Field-Programmable Gate Array.  
FPGA VI  
A configuration that is downloaded to the FPGA and that determines the  
functionality of the hardware.  
G
glitch  
An unwanted signal excursion of short duration that is usually unavoidable.  
H
h
Hour.  
HIL  
Hz  
Hardware-in-the-loop.  
Hertz.  
I
I/O  
Input/output—The transfer of data to/from a computer system involving  
communications channels, operator interface devices, and/or data  
acquisition and control interfaces.  
INL  
Relative accuracy.  
L
LabVIEW  
Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. LabVIEW is a  
graphical programming language that uses icons instead of lines of text to  
create programs.  
LSB  
Least significant bit.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
G-3  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
Glossary  
M
m
Meter.  
max  
Maximum.  
MIMO  
min  
Multiple input, multiple output.  
Minimum.  
MIO  
Multifunction I/O.  
monotonicity  
A characteristic of a DAC in which the analog output always increases as  
the values of the digital code input to it increase.  
mux  
Multiplexer—A switching device with multiple inputs that sequentially  
connects each of its inputs to its output, typically at high speeds, in order to  
measure several signals with a single analog input channel.  
N
noise  
An undesirable electrical signal—Noise comes from external sources such  
as the AC power line, motors, generators, transformers, fluorescent lights,  
CRT displays, computers, electrical storms, welders, radio transmitters,  
and internal sources such as semiconductors, resistors, and capacitors.  
Noise corrupts signals you are trying to send or receive.  
NRSE  
Nonreferenced single-ended mode—All measurements are made with  
respect to a common (NRSE) measurement system reference, but the  
voltage at this reference can vary with respect to the measurement system  
ground.  
O
OUT  
Output pin—A counter output pin where the counter can generate various  
TTL pulse waveforms.  
NI 781xR User Manual  
G-4  
© National Instruments Corporation  
 
Glossary  
P
PCI  
Peripheral Component Interconnect—A high-performance expansion bus  
architecture originally developed by Intel to replace ISA and EISA. It is  
achieving widespread acceptance as a standard for PCs and workstations.  
PCI offers a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 132 MB/s.  
port  
(1) A communications connection on a computer or a remote controller.  
(2) A digital port, consisting of four or eight lines of digital input and/or  
output.  
ppm  
pu  
Parts per million.  
Pull-up.  
PWM  
PXI  
Pulse-width modulation.  
PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation—An open specification that builds off  
the CompactPCI specification by adding instrumentation-specific features.  
R
RAM  
Random-access memory—The generic term for the read/write memory that  
is used in computers. RAM allows bits and bytes to be written to it as well  
as read from. Various types of RAM are DRAM, EDO RAM, SRAM, and  
VRAM.  
resolution  
The smallest signal increment that can be detected by a measurement  
system. Resolution can be expressed in bits, in proportions, or in percent  
of full scale. For example, a system has 12-bit resolution, one part in  
4,096 resolution, and 0.0244% of full scale.  
RIO  
rms  
Reconfigurable I/O.  
Root mean square.  
RSE  
Referenced single-ended mode—All measurements are made with respect  
to a common reference measurement system or a ground. Also called a  
grounded measurement system.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
G-5  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 
Glossary  
S
s
Seconds.  
Samples.  
S
S/s  
Samples per second—Used to express the rate at which a DAQ board  
samples an analog signal.  
signal conditioning  
slew rate  
The manipulation of signals to prepare them for digitizing.  
The voltage rate of change as a function of time. The maximum slew rate  
of an amplifier is often a key specification to its performance. Slew rate  
limitations are first seen as distortion at higher signal frequencies.  
T
THD  
Total harmonic distortion—The ratio of the total rms signal due to  
harmonic distortion to the overall rms signal, in decibel or a percentage.  
thermocouple  
A temperature sensor created by joining two dissimilar metals. The  
junction produces a small voltage as a function of the temperature.  
TTL  
Transistor-transistor logic.  
two’s complement  
Given a number x expressed in base 2 with n digits to the left of the radix  
point, the (base 2) number 2n x.  
V
V
Volts.  
VDC  
VHDCI  
VI  
Volts direct current.  
Very high density cabled interconnect.  
Virtual Instrument—Program in LabVIEW that models the appearance and  
function of a physical instrument.  
VIH  
VIL  
Volts, input high.  
Volts, input low.  
NI 781xR User Manual  
G-6  
© National Instruments Corporation  
 
Glossary  
VOH  
VOL  
Vrms  
Volts, output high.  
Volts, output low.  
Volts, root mean square.  
W
waveform  
Multiple voltage readings taken at a specific sampling rate.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
G-7  
NI 781xR User Manual  
 

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